The wide range of anatomical and biomechanical variants in this diverse clade provides intriguing insight into an underexplored feeding strategy.ДЄlfaro M, Westneat MW (1999) Motor patterns of herbivorous feeding: electromyographic analysis of biting in the parrotfishes Cetoscarus bicolor and Scarus iseri. There is substantial morphometric variation across the clade, even between winnowing species. Winnowing in geophagines is not directly analogous to winnowing in surfperches (Embiotocidae), to which it is often compared. Central conclusions of this study are that the strike and ejection phases are stereotypic (low variation) but thatВ rhythmic winnowing is highly variable. Cranial morphologies were analyzed in 19 species across 12 geophagine genera principal component analysis suggests a particular winnowing morphospace exploited differentially by species. We also explored how cranial morphology varies within the clade across a phylogenetic hypothesis for the group.

Over the course of feeding events, fish exhibited rapid reversal of hydraulic flow within the oral cavity and remarkable versatility during the winnowing stage. Winnowing was characterized with high-speed video of an archetypal winnower, Satanoperca daemon, which employs a three-part feeding behavior involving strike, winnowing, and sediment ejection. With this study, we explore geophagine winnowing kinematics and variability of winnowing phases to test whether this is a highly modulated or stereotyped behavior. Geophagines have modified pharyngeal structures that function in winnowing, although detailed anatomical and functional information is still needed to clarify the mechanisms by which these fishes obtain food by sifting. Winnowing is a foraging strategy common in geophagine cichlids (Cichlidae), in which sediment is sifted for food in the oral cavity.

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